Topic                                                                  PDF              Imp. Questions             Lecture Video

1. Introduction to Biotechnology

• 1.1. Historical Perspectives

  • Evolution and milestones in biotechnology

• 1.2. Scope and Importance

  • Applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry

• 1.3. Commercial Potential

  • Biotechnology markets and product development

• 1.4. Interdisciplinary Challenges

  • Integration with other scientific fields

• 1.5. Quantitative Approaches

  • Scaling up processes and commercialization stages

• 1.6. Fermenter and Aseptic Operations

  • Design and operation of fermenters

• 1.7. Quality Control and Good Practices

  • Manufacturing quality control, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)

• 1.8. Biosafety and Bioethics

  • Risk assessment, regulatory guidelines, environmental laws, and ethical considerations

2. Biomolecules: Building Blocks

• 2.1. Carbohydrates

  • Structure, classification, and functions

• 2.2. Proteins

  • Amino acids, protein structure, and functions

• 2.3. Lipids

  • Types, structures, and biological roles

• 2.4. Nucleic Acids

  • DNA and RNA structures and functions

• 2.5. Vitamins and Minerals

  • Essential nutrients and their roles

3. Macromolecules: Structure and Function

• 3.1. Enzymes

  • Classification, kinetics, and mechanisms

• 3.2. Hormones

  • Types, functions, and mechanisms of action

• 3.3. Metabolic Pathways

  • Anabolism and catabolism

4. Genes and Genomes

• 4.1. DNA Replication

  • Mechanisms and enzymes involved

• 4.2. Transcription

  • Process and regulation

• 4.3. Translation

  • Protein synthesis mechanisms

• 4.4. Gene Regulation

  • Operon models and regulatory elements

• 4.5. Mutations

  • Types and effects on organisms

5. Genetic Engineering

• 5.1. Tools and Techniques

  • Restriction enzymes, ligases, and vectors

• 5.2. Cloning Strategies

  • Gene cloning and expression systems

• 5.3. PCR and Its Applications

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction techniques

• 5.4. DNA Sequencing

  • Methods and applications

• 5.5. Gene Therapy

  • Techniques and therapeutic applications

6. Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering

• 6.1. Plant Tissue Culture

  • Techniques and applications

• 6.2. Animal Cell Culture

  • Methods and industrial applications

• 6.3. Tissue Engineering

  • Scaffold design and regenerative medicine

7. Microbial Biotechnology

• 7.1. Industrial Microbiology

  • Fermentation processes and product recovery

• 7.2. Environmental Biotechnology

  • Bioremediation and waste management

• 7.3. Microbial Genetics

  • Plasmids, transposons, and gene transfer

8. Immunology

• 8.1. Immune System Components

  • Cells and organs of the immune system

• 8.2. Antigen-Antibody Interactions

  • Mechanisms and applications

• 8.3. Vaccines

  • Types and development processes

• 8.4. Immunological Techniques

  • ELISA, Western blotting, and flow cytometry

9. Bioinformatics

• 9.1. Biological Databases

  • GenBank, PDB, and others

• 9.2. Sequence Alignment

  • Tools and algorithms

• 9.3. Phylogenetic Analysis

  • Methods and software

• 9.4. Genomics and Proteomics

  • Techniques and applications

10. Environmental Biotechnology

• 10.1. Pollution Control

  • Biotechnological approaches to pollution mitigation

• 10.2. Waste Management

  • Biodegradation and recycling processes

• 10.3. Conservation Biology

  • Strategies for biodiversity conservation

11. Agricultural Biotechnology

• 11.1. GM Crops

  • Development and impact assessment

• 11.2. Plant Breeding

  • Techniques and applications

• 11.3. Biofertilizers and Biopesticides

  • Development and usage

12. Recent Trends in Biotechnology

• 12.1. CRISPR-Cas Technology

  • Genome editing applications

  • Ethical considerations and future prospects

• 12.2. Synthetic Biology

  • Designing and constructing biological systems

  • Applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry

• 12.3. Stem Cell Technology

  • Types of stem cells and their applications

  • Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering

• 12.4. Nanobiotechnology

  • Nanoparticles in drug delivery

  • Biosensors and diagnostic applications

• 12.5. Metagenomics and Microbiome Research

  • Environmental and human microbiome studies

  • Applications in health, agriculture, and biotechnology