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Unit-I: Reproduction

Ch-1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Flower structure

• Development of male and female gametophytes

• Pollination: Types, agencies, and examples

• Outbreeding devices

• Pollen-pistil interaction

• Double fertilization

• Post-fertilization events:

  • Development of endosperm and embryo

  • Development of seed and formation of fruit

• Special modes:

  • Apomixis

  • Parthenocarpy

  • Polyembryony

• Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation

Chapter-2: Human Reproduction

• Male and female reproductive systems

• Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary

• Gametogenesis:

  • Spermatogenesis

  • Oogenesis

• Menstrual cycle

• Fertilization and embryo development up to blastocyst formation

• Implantation

• Pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea)

• Parturition (elementary idea)

• Lactation (elementary idea)

Chapter-3: Reproductive Health

• Need for reproductive health

• Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

• Birth control:

  • Need and methods

  • Contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)

• Amniocentesis

• Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies:

  • IVF

  • ZIFT

  • GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

Unit-II: Genetics and Evolution

Chapter-4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Heredity and variation

• Mendelian inheritance

• Deviations from Mendelism:

  • Incomplete dominance

  • Co-dominance

  • Multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups

  • Pleiotropy

  • Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance

• Chromosome theory of inheritance

• Chromosomes and genes

• Sex determination in humans, birds, and honey bee

• Linkage and crossing over

• Sex-linked inheritance:

  • Haemophilia

  • Colour blindness

• Mendelian disorders in humans:

  • Thalassemia

• Chromosomal disorders in humans:

  • Down's syndrome

  • Turner's syndrome

  • Klinefelter's syndrome

Chapter-5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material

• Structure of DNA and RNA

• DNA packaging

• DNA replication

• Central Dogma

• Transcription

• Genetic code

• Translation

• Gene expression and regulation: Lac operon

• Genome projects:

  • Human genome project

  • Rice genome project

• DNA fingerprinting

Chapter-6: Evolution

• Origin of life

• Biological evolution and evidences:

  • Paleontology

  • Comparative anatomy

  • Embryology

  • Molecular evidences

• Darwin's contribution

• Modern synthetic theory of evolution

• Mechanism of evolution:

  • Variation (mutation and recombination)

  • Natural selection (with examples)

  • Types of natural selection

• Gene flow and genetic drift

• Hardy-Weinberg's principle

• Adaptive radiation

• Human evolution

Unit-III: Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter-7: Human Health and Disease

• Pathogens and parasites causing human diseases:

  • Malaria

  • Dengue

  • Chikungunya

  • Filariasis

  • Ascariasis

  • Typhoid

  • Pneumonia

  • Common cold

  • Amoebiasis

  • Ringworm

• Control measures

• Basic concepts of immunology: Vaccines

• Cancer

• HIV and AIDS

• Adolescence: Drug and alcohol abuse

Chapter-8: Microbes in Human Welfare

• Microbes in:

  • Food processing

  • Industrial production

  • Sewage treatment

  • Energy generation

  • Biocontrol agents

  • Bio-fertilizers

• Antibiotics: Production and judicious use

Unit-IV: Biotechnology and its Applications

Chapter-9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

• Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology)

Chapter-10: Biotechnology and its Applications

• Applications in health and agriculture:

  • Human insulin and vaccine production

  • Stem cell technology

  • Gene therapy

• Genetically modified organisms:

  • Bt crops

  • Transgenic animals

• Biosafety issues

• Biopiracy and patents

Unit-V: Ecology and Environment

Chapter-11: Organisms and Populations

• Population interactions:

  • Mutualism

  • Competition

  • Predation

  • Parasitism

• Population attributes:

  • Growth

  • Birth rate

  • Death rate

  • Age distribution

(Topics excluded: Organism and its Environment, Major Abiotic Factors, Responses to Abiotic Factors, Adaptations)

Chapter-12: Ecosystem

• Ecosystems:

  • Patterns

  • Components

  • Productivity and decomposition

  • Energy flow

  • Pyramids of number, biomass, and energy

(Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles)

Chapter-13: Biodiversity and Conservation

• Biodiversity:

  • Concept

  • Patterns

  • Importance

• Loss of biodiversity

• Biodiversity conservation:

  • Hotspots

  • Endangered organisms

  • Extinction

  • Red Data Book

  • Sacred Groves

  • Biosphere reserves

  • National parks

  • Wildlife sanctuaries

  • Ramsar sites